Internet Engineering Task Force Research Articles

IF NOT, ELSE: STANDARDS, PROTOCOLS, NETWORKS AND HOW THEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE

The contemporary Internet's "network of networks" has become infrastructural to our lives. The Internet is a stack of physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers which all have unique rules and roles. While many see Internet infrastructure as a foregone conclusion, Paris, Cath and Myers West (2023) write “Internet infrastructure is built slowly, over time, protocol by protocol, in response to many different technical, social, political, environmental, and economic imperatives”. Even as the particular model of the Internet we are all accustomed to has become the standard, other attempts proliferated and eventually failed, as did the Soviet Internet (Peters 2016), and as this panel highlights, the Internet is still ever-evolving. The project of this panel is to trace alternative, parallel, and emergent network models, standards and protocols, theorize their impact as they appear in different places, spaces, and contexts, and gesture towards how the Internet might be different. As critical internet studies have since the early 2000s shown, computational standards, protocols, and network diagrams are more than technical details, they have the power to shape and structure the conditions for our socio-cultural lifeworlds (Galloway 2006; Chun 2008; Bratton 2016). As Gehl (2014) puts it: “interfaces, database structures, mechanisms of connection all shape social activities”. Change an element in the stack and a different connectivity, a different future becomes possible. The papers of this panel introduce and discuss five different and potentially revolutionary network technologies that manage and organize our online lives. The first paper represents a media genealogy of ActivityPub – a protocol that enables the Fediverse, a collection of social media sites that can communicate with one another. The author argues that ActivityPub was not produced through an instrumental process, but was the result of accidents and coincidences. The accidental nature of the protocol, coupled with its being authored by self-identified queer and trans developers, has put it on a collision course with both the “standard” approach to standards production as well as mainstream, corporate social media. The second paper focuses on the design of the Interplanetary Internet and the idea of delay-tolerant networking fundamental to operating in outer space. The author maintains that when delays are central to a network model, we are forced to rethink how our connections are maintained and organized in the future. Delay-tolerant networking is thus not only a technical solution for a communications system but a control protocol through which interplanetary life can be managed. The third paper is also focused on the temporality of networks. The third paper examines how time is enacted as a design ideology in the course of the development of a future internet architecture protocol project: named data networking (NDN). This work locates aspects of the sociomateriality of time in the processes of building Internet infrastructure and demonstrates how it binds together cultural, economic, and discursive power. The paper argues that thinking through time as a design ideology can be useful in projects imagining how the Internet might be built to engender and support different values than market ideology. The fourth paper is about the organizational culture of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a key internet standards and protocol organization. The paper argues that the organization is guided by a culturally inflected anti-political engineering ethos, whose depoliticizing tendencies hampers the organization’s functioning and its ability to rise above narrow industry-interest and pursue a public interest internet. The fifth paper looks to the Crypto Wars of the 1990s as a moment where things could have been otherwise; comparing the examples of PGP and RSA encryption software and how they shaped the nature of our networked systems. It argues that a combination of regulatory and commercial interests influenced the development and use of cryptography in ways that facilitated the development of e-commerce, but left private messaging in dubious legal status. Collectively the papers investigate alternative and emergent trends behind the Internet and its network models, standards, and protocols. The protocols and rules for network connection, standards bodies, and modes of governance are critical to maintaining and upkeeping a network. Their impact, however, is not merely technical but potentially world-changing. The papers direct their critical gaze towards the development of these technologies and what their introduction to our world potentially entails. By focusing on projects of past, present, and future and by exploring the Internet’s deepest sociotechnical layers, the panel critically dismantles the commonly-held idea that the Internet is a monolith and illustrates that the history of the Internet is still being written.

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF IT TERMINOLOGY AND ITS FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

The article examines the peculiarities of the evolution of the IT (Information Technology) language and its interaction with the environment, which is manifested by the constant appearance of new words and expressions that arise when describing technological phenomena. The study employs historical, linguistic, and cultural analyses to provide insights into the evolution of IT terminology. The historical evolution of IT terminology traces the dynamic progress of technology. Beginning with borrowed mathematical terms like "algorithm" from the work of Persian mathematician al-Khwārizmī, IT terminology has continually adapted to embrace new concepts. Charles Babbage's analytical engine introduced "punch cards" and "mechanical levers" as precursors to modern IT vocabulary. The ENIAC era expanded it to include "circuit," "transistor," and "byte." Software development contributed "bug," and the rise of personal computers brought "desktop" and "mouse." The internet era ushered in terms like "email" and "browser," while the mobile age introduced "apps" and "WiFi." The 21st century witnessed the emergence of "tweet," "neural networks," "deep learning," and "machine learning," reshaping technology and industries. Immersive technologies brought "virtual reality" and "augmented reality," while decentralized systems introduced "blockchain" and "cryptocurrency," revolutionizing finance. Standardization of IT terminology has become crucial for clear cross-border communication, led by organizations like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Looking forward, the IT lexicon will expand with terms related to quantum computing, biotechnology integration, and emerging technologies. In conclusion, IT terminology reflects adaptability in the digital age, ensuring precise communication in an ever-changing technological landscape.

Exploiting Simultaneous Multi-Brand Operation to Improve 6TiSCH Reliability and Latency

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) group "IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e" (6TiSCH) introduced a protocol, utilizing Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) from IEEE802.15.4e due to its high reliability and time-deterministic characteristic, that achieves industrial performance requirements while offering the benefits of IP connectivity. This work proposes the addition of a second radio interface in 6TiSCH devices to operate a parallel network in sub-GHz, introducing transmit diversity while benefiting from decreased path-loss and reduced interference. Simulation results show an improvement of 20% in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and close to 31% in latency in different 6TiSCH networks scenarios.

Enabling Extremely Energy-Efficient End-to-End Secure Communications for Smart Metering Internet of Things Applications Using Static Context Header Compression

Smart metering IoT applications are among the most energy-critical in the current panorama. Metering sensors are battery-powered and are expected to have a lifetime exceeding ten years. In order to achieve such long operation duration, a generic header compression mechanism named Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) has been introduced and accepted as a standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This paper aims to demonstrate the energy savings enabled by the use of SCHC on a cellular IoT network by the means of real-life implementation and measurements. Experiments are conducted in a controlled environment for different scenarios and considering multiple parameters such as message size and radio conditions. Measurements show the high impact of this header compression mechanism, particularly when the radio conditions are bad and repetitions are used to improve the reliability of the transmission: a reduction of up to 40% in energy consumption is observed. Using SCHC over the non-IP transport mode (NIDD) of NB-IoT compared to the legacy IP mode also enables significant energy savings and allows the latency to be reduced while maintaining the interoperability provided by the IP layer.

An Investigation Schoolwork of IoT Systems In Interior Routing Outbreak

Internet of Things (IoT) deployments mostly relies on the establishment of Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) among a large number of constraint devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) provides an effective IPv6-based LLN routing protocol, namely the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). RPL provides adequate protection against external security attacks but stays vulnerable to internal routing attacks such as a rank attack. Malicious RPL nodes can carry out a rank attack in different forms and cause serious network performance degradation. An experimental study of the impact of the decreased rank attack on the overall network performance is presented in this paper. In also besides, it is important to understand the main influencing factors in this context. In this study, several some many network scenarios were considered with varying network sizes, attacker properties, and topological setups. The experimental results indicate a noticeable adverse effect of the rank attack on the average PDR, delay, ETX, and beacon interval. However, such impact was varied according to network size, attacker position, attacker neighbor count, number of attack-affected nodes, and overall hops increase. The results give a practical reference to the overall performance of RPL networks under rank attacks.

Developing a Novel Hierarchical VPLS Architecture Using Q-in-Q Tunneling in Router and Switch Design

Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS) is an ethernet-based Virtual Private Network (VPN) service that provides multipoint-to-multipoint Layer 2 VPN service, where each site is geographically dispersed across a Wide Area Network (WAN). The adaptability and scalability of VPLS are limited despite the fact that they provide a flexible solution for connecting geographically dispersed sites. Furthermore, the construction of tunnels connecting customer locations that are separated by great distances adds a substantial amount of latency to the user traffic transportation. To address these issues, a novel Hierarchical VPLS (H-VPLS) architecture has been developed using 802.1Q tunneling (also known as Q-in-Q) on high-speed and commodity routers to satisfy the additional requirements of new VPLS applications. The Vector Packet Processing (VPP) performs as the router’s data plane, and FRRouting (FRR), an open-source network routing software suite, acts as the router’s control plane. The router is designed to seamlessly forward VPLS packets using the Request For Comments (RFCs) 4762, 4446, 4447, 4448, and 4385 from The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) integrated with VPP. In addition, the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) is used for Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Pseudo-Wire (PW) signaling in FRR. The proposed mechanism has been implemented on a software-based router in the Linux environment and tested for its functionality, signaling, and control plane processes. The router is also implemented on commodity hardware for testing the functionality of VPLS in the real world. Finally, the analysis of the results verifies the efficiency of the proposed mechanism in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio.

Use of QUIC for CoAP transport in IoT networks

The QUIC protocol, formerly known as Quick UDP Internet Connection, has recently been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). While initially designed to support the transport of Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 3 (HTTP/3) messages, QUIC can also be employed for various applications. This paper explores the effective utilization of the QUIC protocol for transporting Internet of Things (IoT) messages. Specifically, we propose a proxy-based scheme that leverages the multi-streaming features of QUIC to deliver Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) messages. In the proposed scheme, multiple CoAP connections between IoT clients and a server are aggregated using client proxy and server proxy. Each CoAP connection is mapped onto a designated QUIC stream. It is noted that this proxy-based approach can be implemented without requiring modifications to existing CoAP applications at the client and server sides. Furthermore, we introduce a compressed mapping scheme from CoAP messages to QUIC streams to enhance performance within the proxy-based model. In testbed experimentation, the proposed QUIC-based CoAP transport scheme is compared with the existing UDP-based and TCP-based CoAP schemes in a variety of IoT network environment. From the experimentation results, we see that the proposed QUIC-based scheme can achieve 80% reduction in round-trip time and 9% increase in fast response rate, compared to the other candidate schemes. We can also see that the CoAP over QUIC scheme with compression provides a 10% performance gain over the case without compression.

Scheduling Algorithm for Wireless Network Using FIFO – A Study

Since the network is managed by no fixed infrastructure, the MANET does indeed have a number of issues, including frequent link failures, hidden nodes, a changing topology because of mobility, increased interference and constrained bandwidth because of the shared medium, and rapid power consumption on the mobile nodes. Due to these and other factors, it has developed into a difficult study subject. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) MANET group has suggested several design principles for MANET routing protocols. Many different technologies, including satellite systems, television remote controls, computer interface devices, and GPS systems, can use wireless networks. "Faulty nodes" are nodes that act improperly as a result of an error or accident. The other category is referred to as "malicious nodes," and it includes those that have been taken advantage of by an attacker. FIFO queuing is used in the NS2 simulator's scheduling method. In order to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), the performance of the First in First out (FIFO) scheduling method is assessed in this paper.

A comprehensive cost performance analysis for a QoS-based scheme in network mobility (NEMO)

By shifting the portability task away from a mobile network node and onto a mobile router, the NEMO BS protocol has been given the green light to run by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group. It is not effective to anticipate the mobility of each node in a train, bus, or ship individually. Hence, it would be reasonable to hire a Mobile Router (MR) that collectively handles the mobility of the entire mobile network. The NEMO BS protocol encourages efficient mobility for groups. Devices on a mobile network do not recognize the mobility of their network. Uninterrupted Internet connectivity is still given to mobile network nodes (i.e. the devices) despite the fact that the network's connection point is shifted on the Internet. The NBS solution has severe performance limitations (e.g. triangular routing and signalling cost). To address the aforementioned issues, the Diff-FH NEMO pattern has formerly been proposed. This article built a methodology to evaluate signalling costs for major Diff-FH NEMO entities. For verification, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme Diff-FH NEMO is measured against that of the industry-standard NEMO BS protocol and the MIPv6-based Route Optimization (MIRON) scheme. Many important indicators, such as the length of time a user spends in a subnet and the total number of hops, are used to compare the signalling cost to (DiffServ Mobile Router (DMRs), Correspondent Nodes (CNs), Local Fixed Nodes (LFNs), and mobile nodes). The analytical findings indicate that the suggested approach gained considerable act enhancement by shrinking the total signalling cost when the network size was enlarged.

New Directions and Challenges within Identity and Access Management

Identity and access management is a core building block for the majority of web services. Cloud-based services, social webs, mobile apps, but also IoT-related services rely on identity management to provide a seamless and secure user experience. Transmitting and sharing sensitive information with other organizations always poses a security and privacy risk to all participating entities. One solution to tackle this problem is the principle of federated identity management (FIM). FIM is used to authenticate and authorize users across multiple organizations and platforms in order to obtain access to resources and services. The benefits of FIM are, for example, consistent data, reduced amount of sensitive information needed to be shared, as well as less passwords for the user to remember. Both predominant standards, Secure Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 2.0 and Open Authentication (OAuth) 2.0 with the authentication layer OpenID Connect, are in wide-spread practical use for at least a decade. However, these protocols were developed with different requirements in mind than nowadays present. This led to several extensions to tackle real-world problems, making it cumbersome to comply with every flavor. Also, Request for Comments (RFC) 8252 suggests that a native app opens a system browser for user authentication; consequently, new protocols are currently developed. For example, within Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Kantara Initiative, and OpenID Foundation, which (should) have three main goals in common: • Reducing the complexity in contrast to SAML 2.0 and OAuth 2.0. • Decreasing the amount of extensions and varieties found in the wild. Both help developers to comply with the standards and, consequently, increase the security. • Including edge and future use cases, making the protocols even more useful. This article gives insights into current developments and possible future paths.

Congestion and Energy Aware Multipath Load Balancing Routing for LLNs

The Internet of Things (IoT) is presently in its golden era with its current technological evolution towards digital transformation. Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) form the groundwork for IoT, where the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is designated by Internet Engineering Task Force as the benchmark protocol for routing. Although RPL, with its unique capabilities, has addressed many IoT routing requirements, Load balancing and Congestion control are the outliers. This paper builds on the RPL protocol and proposes a multipath Congestion and Energy Aware RPL (CEARPL) that alleviates the load balancing and congestion concerns associated with RPL and improves the network performance. For congestion avoidance, a Congestion and Energy Aware Objective Function (CEA-OF) is suggested during parent selection that considers multiple metrics like Child Count metric, Estimated Lifetime metric, and Queue Occupancy metric, to equally distribute the traffic in LLNs. The Queue Occupancy metric is used to detect congestion in the network, and a Multipath routing strategy is utilized to mitigate the congestion in the network. A comparison of the performance of CEA-RPL was made against the existing Objective Functions of RPL, OFO, and MRHOF, as well as COM-OF, utilizing Contiki OS 3.0's Cooja emulator. CEA-RPL projected superior results with power consumption lowering by 33%, end-to-end delay decreasing by 30%, queue loss ratio reducing by 49%, and packet receiving rate and network lifetime improving by 7% and 49%, on an average, respectively.

Recent Trends on Privacy-Preserving Technologies under Standardization at the IETF

End-users are concerned about protecting the privacy of their sensitive personal data that are generated while working on information systems. This extends to both the data they actively provide including personal identification in exchange for products and services as well as its related metadata such as unnecessary access to their location. This is when certain privacy-preserving technologies come into a place where Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) plays a major role in incorporating such technologies at the fundamental level. Thus, this paper offers an overview of the privacy-preserving mechanisms for layer 3 (i.e. IP) and above that are currently under standardization at the IETF. This includes encrypted DNS at layer 5 classified as DNS-over-TLS (DoT), DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH), and DNS-over-QUIC (DoQ) where the underlying technologies like QUIC belong to layer 4. Followed by that, we discuss Privacy Pass Protocol and its application in generating Private Access Tokens and Passkeys to replace passwords for authentication at the application layer (i.e. end-user devices). Lastly, to protect user privacy at the IP level, Private Relays and MASQUE are discussed. This aims to make designers, implementers, and users of the Internet aware of privacy-related design choices.

5610131 A STANDARDISED LANGUAGE TAG PROTOCOL AND WORKFLOW FOR DEVELOPING AND MANAGING MULTILINGUAL ONTOLOGIES: SHOWCASING THE FRENCH SICKLE CELL DISEASE ONTOLOGY (SCDO)

Background: All Francophone African countries are affected by sickle cell disease (SCD). The collaboratively developed Sickle Cell Disease Ontology (SCDO), which is to our knowledge currently the most comprehensive resource of standardised hierarchical descriptions of knowledge in the SCD domain (Nembaware et al., 2020), is however available only in English. Existing widely used methods for producing consistent translations, such as the back-translation method (Sergiy, 2011) and the more rigorous FACIT translation and linguistic validation methodology (Eremenco et al. 2005), are time consuming and costly (Wołk and Wołk 2017) and in fact have been criticised recently for negatively affecting health research results (Colina et al., 2017). More recently, an alternative functionalist approach has been proposed as a better option for translating text involved in health research (Colina et al., 2017). Aim: We aimed to produce a French translation of the SCDO, as it would promote SCDO application by Francophone clinicians, researchers and other relevant stakeholders, aiding SCDO-facilitated harmonisation of data from Francophone research sites and making patient-centred tracking, diagnostics and therapeutics applications more accessible to Francophone patients. Methods: In order to translate the SCDO into French, we created a customised functionalist approach. We used the language translation software, Babylon, to generate French translations of labels and definitions of SCDO terms and had these French auto-translations manually reviewed by French-speaking colleagues in Tunisia. To manage translation of the SCDO, including future updates of the French translation as well as translations into other languages, we developed a graphical user interface (GUI), coded using Python, and wrote standard operating procedures (SOPs) for using the GUI. To display the French translations, as well as future layperson translations, in the SCDO OWL file, we developed a set of language tags using the World Wide Web Consortium’s IANA Language Subtag Registry and the language tag syntax defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force’s (IETF’s) Best Current Practice (BCP) 47. Results: We have produced 1) the first French translation of the SCDO, 2) an Ontology Translation GUI, 3) SOPs for using the GUI, and 4) a language tag protocol which we propose for use in translated biomedical ontologies. The French label and definition for each SCDO term can now be displayed by clicking a button on the term’s webpage, which is searchable on the SCDO website (https://scdontology.h3abionet.org/). Summary - Conclusion: We describe a novel time-saving and cost-effective workflow, with associated tools, including a standardised protocol of language tags, for the translation of ontologies, and highlight the utility of our method with its successful application in producing the French SCDO. We expect our workflow will be easy to adapt to suit the requirements of other ontology translation projects.

Peer-to-peer media streaming with HTML5

<p class="Affiliation"><span lang="EN-US">The knowledge of web real-time communication (WebRTC) and how its customers and server operations are defined in this study. However, the world wide web consortium (W3C) and the internet engineering task force (IETF) have not yet approved an absolute signaling protocol or a complete application programming interface (API) protocol to implement WebRTC and control communication planning. WebRTC requires some type of signaling mechanism. With Chrome, Firefox, and Opera, the primary objective is to create and implement a WebRTC video call across two clients (peers) in the real world while employing local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). This study also demonstrated the design of the server (as an intermediary) and graphical user interface (GUI). Additionally, a signaling method for the peer-to-peer browser connection on the Node.js platform has been developed and successfully put into use. This paper will provide an understanding of web development and an ability to understand WebRTC technology. It will also discuss how to create WebRTC signaling mechanisms and build video conferencing, as well as how to increase design quality using quality of experience (QoE) techniques.</span></p>

RPLAD3: anomaly detection of blackhole, grayhole, and selective forwarding attacks in wireless sensor network-based Internet of Things.

Routing protocols transmit vast amounts of sensor data between the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT) gateway. One of these routing protocols is Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) defined RPL in March 2012 as a de facto distance-vector routing protocol for wireless communications with lower energy. Although RPL messages use a cryptographic algorithm for security protection, it does not help prevent internal attacks. These attacks drop some or all packets, such as blackhole or selective forwarding attacks, or change data packets, like grayhole attacks. The RPL protocol needs to be strengthened to address such an issue, as only a limited number of studies have been conducted on detecting internal attacks. Moreover, earlier research should have considered the mobility framework, a vital feature of the IoT. This article presents a novel lightweight system for anomaly detection of grayhole, blackhole, and selective forwarding attacks. The study aims to use a trust model in the RPL protocol, considering attack detection under mobility frameworks. The proposed system, anomaly detection of three RPL attacks (RPLAD3), is designed in four layers and starts operating immediately after the initial state of the network. The experiments demonstrated that RPLAD3 outperforms the RPL protocol when defeating attacks with high accuracy and a true positive ratio while lowering power and energy consumption. In addition, it significantly improves the packet delivery ratio and decreases the false positive ratio to zero.

LDES: detector design for version number attack detection using linear temporal logic based on discrete event system

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has defined routing protocols for low power and lossy networks (RPL) for constrained devices. RPL constructs DODAGs (destination oriented directed acyclic graphs), to optimize routing. RPL ensures acyclic topology with the DODAG version number. However, the control message’s DODAG version number is not authenticated. So, RPL is vulnerable to network resource attack known as DODAG Version Number (DVN) attack. DVN attack creates a packet delay, packet loss, cyclic topology, etc., in the network. This paper proposes a method for detecting DODAG version number attacks. Several existing schemes to defend against the DVN, such as cryptographic techniques, trust-based, threshold-based and mitigation are computationally intensive or require protocol modification. DVN does not change the packet format or sequence of packets, but can still perform attacks and hence fall under the category of stealthy attacks, which are difficult to detect using traditional intrusion detection system’s (IDS). Discrete-event system (DES) based IDS have been applied in the literature for stealthy attacks that achieve low overhead, low false alarm rate, etc. However, the construction of DES-based IDS for network protocol may lead to errors, as modelling is manual. The resulting IDS, therefore, is unable to guarantee its correctness. This paper proposes linear temporal logic (LTL) based DES paradigm to detect DVN. LTL-based paradigm facilitates formal verification of the DES-based IDS, and hence the correctness of the scheme is ascertained. The proposed technique is simulated using the Contiki cooja simulator. When the percentage of spiteful nodes in the network increases, the true positive rate, and packet delivery rate drops, while the false positive rate and control message overhead increase. The memory requirement for sending the packets and verifying the nodes is minimal. The LTL-based IDS has been formally verified using NuSMV to ensure the correctness of the framework.

Performance evaluation of AMQP over QUIC in the internet-of-thing networks

In today’s world, the use of IoT devices is growing every day. For connecting IoT devices from various vendors and supporting a variety of IoT use cases, an interoperable protocol like AMQP is necessary. Researchers are striving to minimize delay because many IoT applications are sensitive to it. The transport layer protocol that is used underneath, such as TCP or UDP, is one of the main causes of the delay. Although TCP is slower than UDP because to the three-way handshake and the usage of TLS for security, it is more reliable than UDP. The Internet Engineering Task Force has introduced a new transport layer protocol called QUIC that combines the best features of UDP and TCP to offer quick and reliable communication. In this study, we integrated QUIC and AMQP1.0 using the Go programming language. The Docker tool was used to containerize the AMQP1.0 Broker, Sender, and Receiver implementations. The performance of AMQP1.0 over TCP and AMQP1.0 over QUIC was benchmarked in the NS3 simulator over various wireless networks including WiFi, 4G/LTE, and satellite. QUIC showed considerable improvement over lossy networks. The results showed that switching from TCP to QUIC at the transport level lowered Communication Time by 8.57% over Satellite network. Although Round Trip Time was almost same yet Start up Latency showed improvement of 52%, 38% and 34% in case of WiFi, 4G/LTE and Satellite respectively. In addition, the performance of AMQP1.0 over TCP and AMQP1.0 over QUIC has been evaluated over different Packet Loss values, the results show that AMQP1.0 over QUIC outperforms AMQP1.0 over TCP in all the cases. The testing results revealed that TCP performance was degraded by 20%, 16%, and 36% over WiFi, 4G/LTE, and satellite, respectively at Packet loss of 15%, while QUIC performance was only degraded by 4%, 8%, and 9% in each of these cases.

Use of QUIC for AMQP in IoT networks

The use of IoT devices is expanding every day in today’s environment. An interoperable protocol like AMQP is essential for supporting multiple IoT use cases and interconnecting IoT devices from different vendors. Many IoT applications are sensitive to delays, which researchers are working to avoid as much as possible. One of the main sources of the delay is the underlying transport layer protocol, such as TCP or UDP. TCP is more reliable than UDP, although it is slower due to the three-way handshake and the use of TLS for security. QUIC, a new transport layer protocol standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force, combines the finest aspects of UDP and TCP to provide quick and reliable communication. We use the Go programming language to integrate AMQP 1.0 with QUIC to reduce latency and improve battery life. The Docker tool is used to containerize the AMQP 1.0 Broker, Sender, and Receiver implementations, and various scenarios are tested in the NS3 simulator. The findings demonstrated that even though Round Trip Time was 71% higher for QUIC, using QUIC at the transport level improved Startup Latency and Total Communication Time by 62% and 22%, respectively. The proposed scheme (AMQP 1.0 over QUIC) transported 3.5 times more data than the existing scheme (AMQP 1.0 over TCP), but QUIC’s throughput was 7 times higher, which shorten the communication time and 31% less energy was consumed. Furthermore, metrics including Packet Loss, Delay, and Channel Bandwidth were used to compare the two schemes. The results showed that, with the exception of the low channel bandwidth scenario, the proposed scheme consistently outperformed the existing scheme.

RAARPL: End‐to‐end Reliability‐Aware Adaptive RPL routing protocol for Internet of things

SummaryThe RPL protocol has been accepted by the Internet Engineering Task Force as the only routing standard for the Internet of things (IoT). Although RPL has been significantly used in IoT routing, it still has extensive challenges. One of the most basic challenges is related to the reliability of routing. The severe limitations of resources, wireless communication, and variable topology, along with other limitations of IoT, have caused reliability in these networks to be a challenging topic. However, in RPL, no measures are provided to support the reliability of routing. To improve this issue, in this article, RPL was improved based on reliability requirements, and a new protocol was proposed called the Reliability‐Aware Adaptive RPL routing protocol (RAARPL). RAARPL selects the parents based on the evaluation of various criteria related to reliability and forms the network topology. In addition, the conditions of the paths were also considered in the decision‐making so that the reliability depends on the paths and parents. In order to maintain stability, RAARPL had controlled the parent selection and children assignment in a way that will prevent errors as much as possible. The simulation results by Cooja and compared with CLRPL and RPL protocols in various scenarios indicated the high efficiency of RAARPL in improving the reliability of data exchange and successful delivery ratio, reducing the instability of topology and the network throughput.

Security and privacy research of Internet of things systems in mobile networks

The escalating integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with mobile networks presents unprecedented opportunities and challenges in the context of security and privacy. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of recent research focusing on the security and privacy concerns associated with IoT systems operating within mobile networks. The fundamental concepts, emerging threats, and potential solutions in this dynamic landscape are examined. The distinctive characteristics of IoT devices and their unique security and privacy requirements are outlined. The paper discusses inherent vulnerabilities, including limited computational resources, device heterogeneity, and the expansive attack surface resulting from interconnected devices. Additionally, the growing risks associated with data collection, transmission, and storage within mobile network environments are explored, emphasizing the importance of protecting user privacy and sensitive information. State-of-the-art security mechanisms and protocols designed to safeguard IoT systems in mobile networks are surveyed. Approaches such as encryption, authentication, access control, and intrusion detection systems are discussed as means to mitigate potential threats. The paper addresses the challenge of secure device onboarding and underscores the importance of ensuring the integrity and authenticity of IoT components within the network. Furthermore, the role of standards and regulatory frameworks in shaping security and privacy requirements for IoT systems is examined. Initiatives by organizations such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are discussed in relation to their influence on the development and deployment of secure IoT solutions. In conclusion, this review highlights the ongoing need for continuous research and development in the security and privacy domains of IoT systems in mobile networks. As the adoption of IoT devices and mobile network technologies continues to grow, maintaining vigilance in addressing evolving threats and ensuring compliance with emerging regulations is imperative. This paper aims to provide valuable insights into the evolving landscape of IoT security and privacy, catering to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, and paving the way for a more secure and privacy-preserving future for IoT deployments in mobile networks.